@misc{ecpeofficial,
 author={{Michigan Language Assessment}},
 title={{ECPE}: Examination for the Certificate of Proficiency in English},
 year={2026},
 url={https://michiganassessment.org/which-test-is-right-for-me/ecpe/},
 note={Official examination overview; consulted September 2026}
}
@misc{ecpeformat,
 author={{Michigan Language Assessment}},
 title={{ECPE} Preparation: Format and Resources},
 year={2026},
 url={https://michiganassessment.org/which-test-is-right-for-me/ecpe/ecpe-preparation/},
 note={Official current-format page; consulted September 2026}
}
@misc{edmdata,
 author={{TMSA Lab}},
 title={edmdata: Data Sets for Psychometric Modeling},
 year={2026},
 url={https://tmsalab.github.io/edmdata/},
 note={R package version 1.3.0 used in the primary ECPE run; package documentation consulted September 2026}
}
@misc{ecpeq,
 author={{TMSA Lab}},
 title={Q-Matrix for the Examination for the Certificate of Proficiency in English},
 year={2026},
 url={https://tmsalab.github.io/edmdata/reference/qmatrix_ecpe.html},
 note={Documentation of qmatrix\_ecpe; consulted September 2026}
}
@article{templinhoffman,
 author={Templin, Jonathan and Hoffman, Lesa},
 title={Obtaining Diagnostic Classification Model Estimates Using {Mplus}},
 journal={Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice},
 year={2013},volume={32},number={2},pages={37--50},
 doi={10.1111/emip.12010},url={https://doi.org/10.1111/emip.12010}
}
@article{templinbradshaw,
 author={Templin, Jonathan and Bradshaw, Laine},
 title={Hierarchical Diagnostic Classification Models: A Family of Models for Estimating and Testing Attribute Hierarchies},
 journal={Psychometrika},year={2014},volume={79},number={2},pages={317--339},
 doi={10.1007/s11336-013-9362-0},url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-013-9362-0}
}
@misc{measrecpe,
 author={{measr project}},
 title={Examination for the Certificate of Proficiency in English},
 year={2026},url={https://measr.r-dcm.org/articles/ecpe},
 note={Author-maintained worked diagnostic-modeling example; consulted September 2026}
}
@article{somers,
 author={Somers, Robert H.},
 title={A New Asymmetric Measure of Association for Ordinal Variables},
 journal={American Sociological Review},year={1962},volume={27},number={6},pages={799--811},
 note={Bibliographic details corroborated through the SciPy somersd reference documentation}
}
@misc{scipysomers,
 author={{SciPy developers}},title={scipy.stats.somersd},
 year={2026},url={https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.somersd.html},
 note={Official documentation, including direction conventions and original references; consulted September 2026}
}
@misc{hmisc,
 author={Harrell, Frank E., Jr.},title={Hmisc: Source of somers2},
 year={2026},url={https://github.com/harrelfe/Hmisc/blob/master/R/somers2.s},
 note={Primary implementation reference; user run used Hmisc 5.2-6}
}
@article{metsamuuronen,
 author={Mets{\"a}muuronen, Jari},
 title={Somers' {D} as an Alternative for the Item--Test and Item-Rest Correlation Coefficients in the Educational Measurement Settings},
 journal={International Journal of Educational Methodology},year={2020},volume={6},number={1},pages={207--221},
 doi={10.12973/ijem.6.1.207},url={https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1246887.pdf}
}
@misc{tfidf,
 author={{scikit-learn developers}},
 title={TfidfTransformer: Smoothed Inverse Document Frequency},
 year={2018},url={https://scikit-learn.org/0.19/modules/generated/sklearn.feature_extraction.text.TfidfTransformer.html},
 note={Version 0.19.2 documentation; formula also checked against current documentation; consulted September 2026}
}
@inproceedings{kita,
 author={Kita, Naoyuki and Vie, Jill-J{\^e}nn and Takeuchi, Koh and Kashima, Hisashi},
 title={Robust Post-hoc Score Allocation in Exams},
 booktitle={Proceedings of the 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference},
 year={2026},pages={721--727},doi={10.1145/3785022.3785027},
 url={https://doi.org/10.1145/3785022.3785027},
 note={Publisher record and author bibliography consulted; full text unavailable during this review}
}
@article{henrysson,
 author={Henrysson, Sten},
 title={Correction of Item-Total Correlations in Item Analysis},
 journal={Psychometrika},year={1963},volume={28},number={2},pages={211--218},
 doi={10.1007/BF02289618},url={https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289618}
}
@article{efron,
 author={Efron, Bradley},title={Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife},
 journal={The Annals of Statistics},year={1979},volume={7},number={1},pages={1--26},
 doi={10.1214/aos/1176344552},url={https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344552}
}
@article{phipson,
 author={Phipson, Belinda and Smyth, Gordon K.},
 title={Permutation P-values Should Never Be Zero: Calculating Exact P-values When Permutations Are Randomly Drawn},
 journal={Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology},year={2010},volume={9},number={1},pages={Article 39},
 doi={10.2202/1544-6115.1585},url={https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.05766},
 note={Author manuscript of the 2010 article, with 2011 correction; arXiv deposit 2016}
}
@article{bh,
 author={Benjamini, Yoav and Hochberg, Yosef},
 title={Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing},
 journal={Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B},year={1995},volume={57},number={1},pages={289--300},
 url={https://academic.oup.com/jrsssb/article/57/1/289/7035855}
}
@article{revelle,
 author={Revelle, William and Condon, David M.},
 title={Reliability from Alpha to Omega: A Tutorial},
 journal={Psychological Assessment},year={2019},volume={31},number={12},pages={1395--1411},
 doi={10.1037/pas0000754},url={https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000754}
}
@article{mirt,
 author={Chalmers, R. Philip},
 title={mirt: A Multidimensional Item Response Theory Package for the {R} Environment},
 journal={Journal of Statistical Software},year={2012},volume={48},number={6},pages={1--29},
 doi={10.18637/jss.v048.i06},url={https://www.jstatsoft.org/v48/i06/}
}
@misc{hellstromsource,
 author={Hellstr{\"o}m, Anders},
 title={Scoring: item\_analysis.r},year={2026},
 url={https://github.com/AndersH3/Scoring/blob/main/item_analysis.r},
 note={Source snapshot pinned by Git blob a336d1b3d9964bd5f2e0f90f214e15d540be827d; included in the source bundle}
}
@misc{oldreport,
 author={{New Scoring System project}},
 title={{PISA} 2012 as a Stress Test of a Difficulty- and Positive-Somers-Weighted Binary Scoring System},
 year={2026},note={Project report dated 28 August 2026; supplied by the user as report\_old.pdf, 40 pages. Historical numerical findings were not rerun for this report}
}
@misc{development,
 author={{New Scoring System project}},
 title={Two-Pad Item Scoring: Algorithm and Development},
 year={2026},note={Project development memorandum, 25 August 2026; describes an earlier rank-cut version, superseded by the present source}
}
@misc{pisascript,
 author={{New Scoring System project}},
 title={{PISA} Booklet Stability Analysis},
 year={2026},note={Supplied project script pisa\_booklet\_stability\_analysis(2).r; inspected for design and historical context, not rerun here}
}
@misc{projectreview,
 author={{New Scoring System project}},
 title={Methodological Review of the {PISA} Scoring Report},
 year={2026},note={Project-supplied document Hellstrom\_PISA\_scoring\_peer\_review.odt, dated 31 August 2026; reviewer authorship and independent human status not authenticated}
}